Category Archives: Definitions

009, 010(1), 248(1), Definitions, Financial Instruments

Taxation of Foreign Exchange Options – Sas Ansari

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Taxation of Foreign Exchange Options

Kruger Incorporated v The Queen, 2016 FCA 186

At issue in this appeal was whether foreign exchange options are subject to market-to-market accounting for recognition of profits and losses and whether they are inventory that can give rise to losses at the year-end based on their value.

The TCC held (2015 TCC 119) that the options were not subject to market-to-market accounting. However, Chief Justice Rip (as he then was) held that the options were inventory.

The FCA held:

  • The realization principle is not overarching in that an exception needs to be provided by the ITA – Section 9 only requires that the method chosen be one that accurately reflects income for the year;
  • Inventory must be property that is held for sale; and
  • The ITA contains more than two types of property – capital and inventory – with purchased options being an example of the third type.

FACTS

The taxpayer manufactured paper products. About 80% of the taxpayer’s receivables were in USD. In order to reduce exposure to foreign currency fluctuations it purchased and sold foreign currency option contracts and began to produce profits from this activity on an “individual profit center basis”, growing to be an industry leader in terms of volume in dealing with derivative products.

For the purchaser, the upside is unlimited while the downside is limited by the premium paid. For the issuer, the downside is unlimited while the upside is limited to the premium charged.  In 1997 it began to use market-to-market accounting for financial reporting purposes in relation to the options activities.   Market-to-market accounting:

is an accrual method of accounting whereby both the writer and the purchaser value the option at market as at balance sheet date [..] and recognize any change in the market value as a gain or loss for the period [..]. For that purpose, the premium reflects the value of the option at inception, positive in the case of the purchaser and negative for the writer

All or almost all of the taxpayer’s options were “European” and “over the counter” – may only be exercised on their expiry and traded privately – could be transferred before expiry with the consent of the counter party, and could be closed off by entering into offsetting positions.  At the end of the year, it claimed losses on the basis of the difference between the value of the option at the beginning of the year compared to the end, and it also deferred the premium paid until the maturity date of the option.

The Minister took the position that market-to-market accounting was not an option for the taxpayer and losses and income, including premiums, are only reportable on close of the option – realization basis.

The Tax Court held that the ITA, other than sections 142.2 to 142.5, and Regulations 1801, do not allow for market-to-market accounting and that the taxpayer was not helped by the administrative policy of the CRA allowing financial institutions to use this method for options.  Absent a legislative provision permitting the taxpayer to deviate from the realization principle, foreign exchange options had to be valued at historical cost such that gains/losses cannot be recognized until the option was disposed of or expired.

The Tax Court, however, held that the taxpayer was in the business of buying and selling contracts and,  on the basis of the definition of “inventory” in 248(1) not requiring the property to be held for sale, found the options to be inventory. This was only for options purchased as they conferred a “right” which falls within the definition of “property” in 248(1) but not the options written as they give rise to a liability.

ANALYSIS

Market to market accounting

The FCA stated the analysis by stating that the question of law – the calculation of income and loss from a business pursuant to ITA 9(1) and (2) – is reviewed on a standard of corrected.   This requires the court to understand the exact nature of the taxpayer’s business.  Despite realisation being at the core of Canada’s income tax system, where it can be shown that another method provides a more accurate picture of the taxpayer’s income for the year, that other method can be used by the taxpayer to determine its income or loss under ITA s 9(1) and (2) (para 59) – Canadian General Electric Co. v. M.N.R., [1962] S.C.R. 3.  There is no need for the ITA to provide an exception to realization for a different method to be available to the taxpayer (para 65).  The realization principle can be departed from where it provides a better picture of the taxpayer’s income for the year (para 66).  Realization is not an overarching principle (para 66).

The FCA concluded, at paragraph 70:

As was stated in Canderel, “the goal of the legal test of ‘profit’ should be to determine which method of accounting best depicts the reality of the financial situation of the … taxpayer” (Canderel, para. 44). This coincides with the goal which mark [sic] to market accounting seeks to achieve on the facts of this case i.e.: recognizing income or losses based on the amount which can be realized by dealers in derivatives at the balance sheet by inter alia entering into an offsetting contract […]. As it is otherwise undisputed that this method is consistent with well accepted business principles, GAAP and international accounting, I am satisfied that the appellant has made a prima facie demonstration that mark [sic] to market accounting provides an accurate reflection of its income.

Unless the crown can show that its preferred method shows a better picture of income for the taxpayer than the taxpayer’s preferred method, the taxpayer can use its accounting method (para 71).

Contracts as inventory

Are contracts inventory of the taxpayer, losses on which can be recognized pursuant to ITA s 10(1) and 1801 of the Regulations? The inventory adjustment is mandatory.

Subsection 10(1) requires that a taxpayer who carries on business must value inventory on hand at the end of the taxation year at the lower of cost or fair market value. If the FMV is less than cost, the loss is recognized that year.

Inventory is defined in subsection 248(1) of the ITA as meaning “a description of property the cost or value of which is relevant in computing … income from a business..”.     The ITA deviates from GAPP and allows intangible property to be treated as inventory – M.N.R. v. Curlett, [1967] S.C.R. 280; Dobieco v. M.N.R., [1966] S.C.R. 95; CDSL Canada Limited et al. v. The Queen, 2008 FCA 400.  The ITA also recognizes explicitly at the work in progress of a professional is “for greater certainty” inventory – ITA s 10(5).   Also , only rights can be property such that liabilities cannot be property – Tip Top Tailors Limited v. M.N.R., [1957] S.C.R. 703.

The FCA also held that in order for property to be inventory, it must be held for sale (para 87).  The SCC in Friesen v. Canada, [1995] 3 S.C.R. 103, at para 23, said:

 “inventory” in the [Act] is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the word. In the normal sense, inventory is property which a business holds for sale and this term applies to that property both in the year of sale and in years where the property remains as yet unsold by a business.

Purchased options are neither inventory nor capital property, but rather are a different type of property (para 100).  Written options are not property. The FCA stated, by reference to Canderel Ltd. v. Canada, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 147:

  As noted earlier, the purchased options are property under the Act but they are neither capital property nor inventory. In contrast, the written options escape all three labels since they only embody the obligation to deliver funds in the future. Yet, the evolving value of both instruments is relevant in determining the appellant’s income under the Act. In short, although the Act is premised on the existence of two broad classes of property, it imposes no limit on the types of property or indeed liabilities that can impact on the computation of income and which must be recognized for that purpose since the goal pursuant to section 9 of the Act is to provide an accurate picture of that income.

Sas Ansari, BSc BEd PC JD LLM PhD (exp) CPA In-Depth Tax 1, 2 &3

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Charities, Definitions, Federal Court of Appeal, Income Tax Act

Is Prevention of Poverty a Charitable Purpose – Sas Ansari

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Is Prevention of Poverty a Charitable Purpose

Credit Counselling Services of Atlantic Canada Inc v Canada (National Revenue), 2016 FCA 193

NOTE: Limitations on the political activities of charities, imposed by the Income Tax Act are under Charter challenge led by McCarthy Tetrault LLP on behalf of Canada Without Poverty

NOTE: See my commentary HERE.

The Appellant lost its charitable status when the Minister of National Revenue annulled its registration. The Minister based the decision on a finding that the “purposes and activities of the Appellant were not exclusively charitable as the prevention of poverty was not a recognized charitable purpose” (para 3).

The only issue was whether actions aimed at the “prevention of poverty” are charitable activities for the purpose of the Income Tax Act.

FACTS

The Appellant provided services aimed at preventing persons from falling into poverty, including professional financial and debt counseling to the community, educational programs on money management, researching credit-related concerns, and informing the public about consumer credit issues.

Upon incorporation in 1993 it was told that it qualified as a registered charity for purposes of the ITA.  Twelve years later, the Minister confirmed the decision to annul the taxpayer’s registration as a charity on the basis that it’s activities and purposes were not exclusively charitable. This was because the services provided were not limited to individuals who were poor, and thus not related to “relief of poverty” but “prevention of poverty”

ANALYSIS

The standard of review was determined to be correctness, as the issue is the correct interpretation of the Act and determining what qualified as a charitable activity for purposes of the ITA.  Subsection 149.1(1) defines a “Charitable Organization” as any organizations “all the resources of which are devoted to charitable activities carried on by the organization itself”.

The cases dealing with charitable purposes are relevant in determining what qualifies as charitable activities. The well-recognized categories of charitable purposes are – A.Y.S.A. Amateur Youth Soccer Association v. Canada Revenue Agency, 2007 SCC 42, at paragraph 26:

  • the relief of poverty;
  • the advancement of education;
  • the advancement of religion;
  • certain other purposes beneficial to the community, not falling under the preceding heads

The FCA noted that no cases were cited where the relief of poverty included the prevention of poverty. To satisfy this requirement the person receiving assistance must be a person who is in poverty. The Court of Appeal recognized that “poverty” is a relative term, such that persons in serious financial trouble may be in poverty even if not destitute (para 16) – Vancouver Society of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women v. Minister of National Revenue, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 10.

There was no indication that the appellant screened the applicants so as to offer services only to  those it considered “poor”, but acted to prevent any person from potentially falling into poverty.

The court referred to the UK, where legislation included the “prevention of poverty” in addition to its relief as a charitable purpose.  The FCA felt that what the Appellant was asking it to do was properly the realm of  Parliament.  The FCA held that “prevention of poverty” was not a charitable purpose encompassed by “relief of poverty”.

The criteria of the catch-all fourth category of charitable activities – purposes beneficial to the community – was set out in Vancouver Society of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women v. Minister of National Revenue, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 10 as:

  • having to be beneficial to the community in a way the law considered charitable by coming within the spirit and intendment of the preamble to the Statute of Elizabeth;
  • More than a mere “public benefit”  or the promotion of the “public interest” is required;

The Supreme Court of Canada recognized that the requirement that the other activity be beneficial in the way the law sees as charitable is circular. It also noted that there was no common thread to the items in the preamble of the Charitable Uses Act, 1601.  What is required of the Court is to look at those items already classified as charitable purposes and the through expansion and analogy as whether the case may be considered to be in line with those, considering accepted anomalies, and making sure that the activities do not “clearly” fall outside activities that are charitable.  Additionally, the activities must be for the benefit of the community of a class of the community and not for private advantage.

The FCA said that although persons assisted benefited, it was “far from clear why “this is not a private advantage enjoyed by these individuals or how this would be beneficial to the community in a way that the law regards as charitable”.

[NOTE – the preamble reads as follows:  “The relief of the aged, impotent and poor people; the maintenance of sick and maimed soldiers and mariners,  schools of learning, free schools and scholars in universities; the repair of bridges, ports, havens, causeways, churches, seabanks and highways; the education and preferment of orphans; the relief, stock or maintenance of houses of correction; the marriages of poor maids, the supportation, aid and help of young tradesmen, handicraftsmen and persons decayed; the relief or redemption of prisoners or captives; and the aid or ease of any poor inhabitants concerning payment of fifteens, setting out of soldiers and other taxes.”]

– Sas Ansari, BSc BEd PC JD LLM PhD (exp) CPA In-Depth Tax 1, 2 &3

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